Revenge In The Cask of Amontillado - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 939 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/06/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Cask of Amontillado Essay Did you like this example? â€Å"The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge† (1) is the opening line of this short story. In Edgar Allan Poes A Cask of Amontillado we learn of a man who seeks revenge on an old friend, a man who had insulted him. The story does not give details of what was said but the Narrator is determined on seeking revenge. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Revenge In The Cask of Amontillado" essay for you Create order Throughout the story, reader is never told exactly what Fortunato did to deserve such vengeance on him. Is Montressor reliable? Is it possible that whatever crimes Fortunato is believed to have committed be imagined or exaggerated. One thing for sure is that Fortunado had no idea of Montressor’s anger. He is telling the story fifty years after it happened so it is possible that some of the details have not been remembered correctly. Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is a frightening and disturbing short story about the consequences that result from persistent insults and an unforgiving soul. This is evident in the opening line when the narrator makes it obvious that the insult is what directly led to his unquenchable desire for revenge. If someone is so determined to get revenge, could he have done this before?. An important part of his revenge lies in maintaining the appearance of being innocent so that he is not charged with murder. In his eyes, if he was caught, the act of revenge would not have been a success. The theme of revenge in the story is strong throughout. . Poe never explains why Montresor carries so much hatred and animosity toward Fortunato. This gives the story more suspense. And we are left to wonder why Montresor has so much hatred towards Fortunato. The story begins with Montresor explaining the he has been horribly insulted. In his revengeful mind, every time he sees a person who has wronged him, he acts as if there is nothing wrong and that he does not hold a grudge. But in reality we know Fortunatos insult definitely was not forgotten. Montresor acts and lives his life as if there has been no wrong doing, while he plots a perfect act of revenge. . . â€Å"I must not only punish, but punish with impunity. A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. (2 ) Once all the details of his plan have been thought of, Montresor acts. He leads Fortunato away from the carnival and deep into the catacombs of his family estate. ,. Montresors idea is to plaster Fortunato into a brick sepulcher underneath the house. This act quickly becomes a reality. Once trapped, Fortunato was left to die. His tomb was left untouched for years to come. He gets Fortunato to follow him by offering him some wine that is stored in the cellars beneath the house. The Narratorr has planned for this night down to every detail by sending his servants away to the carnival. The two men descend into the damp and dark vaults. Fortunado starts to cough. Montressor offers him some wine for a few reasons. First, he wants him to survive long enough for him to kill him. He does not want him to succumb to the dampness. Secondly, it is the lure of more wine that will convince Fortunado to continue following him. And third, if he continues to drink, perhaps he will not question what is happening to him. There are a few symbols in this story that Edgar Allen Poe uses. The Cask of Amontillado is what Montressor uses to lure Fortunato to his death. Amontillado is a wine and wine symbolizes pleasure. Fortunato is willing to travel through the dark and spooky catacombs to get what he wants. In the end, the wine betrays him and signals his death. Montressor uses the carnival to get Fortunato to his home. So while people are having fun, beneath the ground something sinister is happening below. .The story changes from a day of celebration to a day of murder. The dark, damp setting of catacombs signifies a place of death. This makes an ideal place to conceal a murder. Throughout the story, reader is never told exactly what Fortunato did to deserve such vengeance on him. Is Montressor reliable? Is it possible that whatever crimes Fortunato is believed to have committed be imagined or exaggerated. One thing for sure is that Fortunado had no idea of Montressor’s anger. He is telling the story fifty years after it happened so it is possible that some of the details have not been remembered correctly. Although this question is not clear, and not really answered by the end of the story, the reader, can only use their Imagination to conclude why he did what he did. Basically, a crime goes unpunished and there is no real explanation, except for what Montessor shares. He tells his story the way he wants’ us to know. He believes Fortunato deserves what he got. But is it really true? This story allows us to enter the mind of a murderer and his rationale for doing what he does. He may be telling the story out of guilt because it is 50 years later but we will never know. The crime would have been too fresh had he told it the morning after. By telling it 50 years later, most people who remember Fortunato would have forgotten or have died. Montressor could have been lving with this guilt all these years and haunted by Fortunado’s last words â€Å"For the Love of God, Montresor!† (24) is a cry for mercy and has probably haunted him all these years.

How Does Steinbeck Present Curley’s Wife in “of Mice and...

In the novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men† John Steinbeck tells a story of dreams, hopes and loneliness. We are introduced to a majorly significant and complex Character, named Curley’s wife. Steinbeck shows us that Curley’s wife is flirtatious, mischievous but most of all an isolated character. She plays a main part in the novel; in doing this she displays and presents many of the main themes. Before we are presented to Curley’s wife, Candy talks about her, to George and Lennie. She is spoken about in a gossipy manor. â€Å"I think Curley’s married a †¦ tart.† Steinbeck is prejudicing or preparing us before we meet Curley’s wife. He does this, so that we have an influenced preliminary impression of Curley’s wife and the way she acts. We develop an†¦show more content†¦However Curley’s wife blames the lose of her dream on her mother, â€Å"I never got that letter†¦ I always thought my old lady stole it†¦ so I married Curley†. Not only does this show her naivety, but also her lack of love for Curley. Steinbeck saying this, proposes her nonexistent respect for her mother and others around her. Steinbeck presents Curley’s wife as a valueless object and a naive, venerable girl. Through the complexity of her personality, she unravels the story. Finally, her life has been cut short by the desire for human contact. Relating too much of the novel, â€Å"Of Mice and Men† is Robert Burns’ poem â€Å"To a Mouse† from which the title of the novel comes from, â€Å"with naught but grief and pain for promisedShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre And Of Mice And Men2621 Words   |  11 PagesExplore how women are presented in ‘Jane Eyre’ and ‘Of Mice and Men’ Brontà « and Steinbeck are arguably two of the most prominent writers in English literature, parted by a ninety year time span and a difference in pre occupations, which could be due to their difference in gender. Jane Eyre and Curley’s wife are two of most different characters but similarly both used drive the plot. Both characters struggle to fit into society; Jane is belittled by her Aunt Reed and being kept apart from the other

Discuss the formation of ATP during glycolysis Free Essays

Introduction Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that is found in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms it breaks down glucose, a simple sugar to pyruvate. This unique process can take place when there is oxygen available and also when there is no oxygen available under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In 1987 Hans Buchner and Eduard Buchner accidently came across something new. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the formation of ATP during glycolysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now What they were interested in was manufacturing cell-free extracts of yeasts or clinical use. Sucrose was added to preserve the extracts. This is where they discovered something un-usual. The cell free extract converted the sucrose to ethanol. This showed that metabolism can happen outside of living cells. This investigation had led to several scientists to inspect the breakdown of glucose more thoroughly. In the 1930s, Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof and Jacob Parnes concluded that the breakdown of glucose consists of ten steps. Each one of these steps is broken down by another enzyme. Now researchers have concluded that glycolysis is the preferred way of or the breakdown of glucose in; archea, bacteria and eukaryotes. These steps of glycolysis are all the same in mostly all living organisms. This says that glycolysis was involved in the evolution of life on our planet. Glycolysis is separated in to three phases. The first section in known as endergonic reaction that needs ATP which is also known as energy investment. In the first phase, glucose is very stable and not broken down easily. It consists for three steps. These steps are when two ATP molecules are hydrolyzed to form fructose-1, 6-biphosphate. Step one is where glycolysis starts with a reaction where glucose receives a phosphate group from an ATP molecule. The ATP acts as both a phosphate and also the energy needed to attach the phosphate to the molecule of glucose. ATP is converted to ADP and becomes the ADP of the cell until it is converted into ATP again. The phosphorylated glucose is called glucose-6-phosphate which in turn makes it more reactive. (It is more easily trapped in the cell compared to glucose). Step two is where the structure of glucose-6-phosphate undergoes another reaction where the hydrogen and the oxygen atoms are rearranged. The reaction is where glucose-6-phosphate i s converted to its isomer which is fructose-6-phosphate. The third step is where another ATP donates a phosphate to the molecule. This forms fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate. The phosphate groups are now bound at carbon one and six, this means that the molecule is ready to split. The second phases is known as the cleavage phase which consists of two steps. This is where a six carbon sugar is broken down into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. At step four, fructose-1, 6-biphosphate is then split into two 3 carbon sugars. These are glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Step five is where dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to its isomer which is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to increase the metabolism in glycolysis. This means that the products in glycolysis at this point are two molecules of G3P. This can be summarised by: Glucose (six carbon compound) + 2 ATP a 2 G3P (three carbon compound) + 2ADP The third phase is known as exergonic reaction or the liberation phase where ATP and NADH are released. This is where the two glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate molecules are catalyzed to form two pyruvate molecules, which produces two molecules of NADH and four molecules of ATP, because the two molecules of ATP are used up in the endergonic reaction which needs ATP, the net yield of ATP is two molecules. The net reaction of glycolysis can be shown below: C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP2- + 2 Pi2 a 2 CH3 (C=O) COO– + 2 H+ + 2 NADH + 2 ATP4- + 2 H2O GlucosePyruvate In the third phase there are five steps. The first step is where, each glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate encounters dehydrogenation with NAD+ as the hydrogen acceptor. The resulting factor of this reaction is phosphoglycerate. This then reacts positively with inorganic phosphate present in the cytosol to produce 1,3-biphosphoglycerate. NADH is produced. In 1,3-biphosphoglycerate a phosphate group is de-activated (upper left) which means that the bond will break in a very high exergonic reaction. The next step is where a phosphate is removed from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to produce 3-phosphoglycerate. The phosphate that is removed is transferred to ADP to produce ATP. The phosphate group in 3-phosphoglycerate is transferred to produce 2-phosphoglycerate. This is done by the enzymatic shift enzymatic shift of the phosphate group. This is known as a preparation reaction. Next a water molecule is removed from the 2-phosphoglycerate which forms phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). This product has a phospha te group attached by a bond that is not stable which means that the, bond will break in a high exergonic reaction. Then a phosphate is removed from phosphoenolpyruvate to produce pyruvate. The phosphate that is removed is transported to ADP to form ATP. In a cell when there is enough ATP feedback inhibition takes place. When the concentration levels are really high, ATP joins to an allosteric site in phosphofructokinase, this then breaks down the third step in glycolysis. When ATP is joined to the allosteric site, a change in structure takes place that forms the enzyme to be inactive. This then stops glucose from breaking down more which then inhibits excessive amounts of ATP. Conclusion During the investment phase of glycolysis two molecules of ATP are taken up, but then in the energy liberation phase four molecules of ATP are produced. This suggests that glycolysis produces a net profit of two ATP’s per glucose. The energy liberation phase can be summarized by the following: 2 G3P + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP a 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 4 ATP. How to cite Discuss the formation of ATP during glycolysis, Essay examples

Concert Life Essay Example For Students

Concert Life Essay We were the metal, Ericson stadium the magnet. With the burning heat reaching down to scold our pale defenceless faces we began walking impatiently at a pressing pace towards the stadium. The stadium projected a hum of activity and instrumental sound, which was deafening the ear, already! . We clutched our tickets tightly as though they contained the final ingredient to the cure of cancer. Rapidly consuming energy drinks which were to provide us with the weaponry energy to battle a physically and mentally tiring day of dancing and trancing to magical beats and vocals . We swarmed with countless other bees to the gate of the hive . The excitement at this point was unmeasurable, indescribable, undefinable . We entered mesmerised, it would have been mentally impossible to take in what surrounded me at once, frozen with shock my eyes flickerd as though malfunctioning, enjoying fragments of what there was to see. There were t shirt sales, pricing stands, EFTPOS machines , people , autograph signing booths , people , stages and people , tents and people , rides , skateboard ramps and more people. With no knowledge of direction I journeyed into close proximity of the main stage where Australian band Regurgatator encouraged thousands of rocking heads. We ventured through the crowd to destination unknown with our path being dictated by others equally as lost. In time I gathered my senses and began to absorb the surroundings the best I could. I obtained the timetable of acts, which educated me, one of my favourite bands HDU had begun their set, and I was alarmed! I scarpered with hast to the big tent where they were playing. Vigorously focused on reaching the front I passionately fought my way through undeserving listeners, to then enjoy their slow mind exploring sounds, I slipd into a hypnotic state of mind swaying to the movement of the trancing beat as pulsating vibrations penetrate my whole body from limb to limb to the end. I tried to battle my way through brick walls of people in pursuit of my now lost friends my fight was soon restricted to a slow stumble, step by step, inch by inch, while breathing sweat infested air I viewed humanity on display up close in all its glory in all its disgrace. The search for one friend brought the discovery of another from Napier, it was like finding a pin when looking for a needle in a haystack. I attempted to describe the indescribable experience I had endured at the HDU set, I then realised I am suffering from temporary hearing loss as they begin screaming down my ears, and still I heard nothing. The day progressed I felt weak and weary, so tired my next step could have provoked leap oracy, vertigo consumed me. I sought the remedy of food and water to energise my lethargic body and brain dead mind by tailing a queue that stretched as long as Pinocios nose after an age of lies but reward soon came as the dry rivers and lake inside my body flowed rich. After head banging to the verge of headache at the Shihad set I tried to vacate the main stage but found myself extricably bound in a crowd that eagerly awaited Korn to explode on stage, I was trapped in a sea of hunger, I was trapped in the sea of generation X. The darkness of night loomed and eventually destroyed the day. Setting the scene for the Big Day Outs final ace card Fat Boy Slim in the boiler room where we were sardines in a excessively full can, morphing through openings with cockroach capabilities. Time to go said the security guard, representing the days termination. We reluctantly obeyed all the time uncontrollably looking back, looking back, looking back. Although disappointed we were liberated as life would go on and now at a greater level as we then knew what it was to really live.

Stereotypical kind Essay Example For Students

Stereotypical kind Essay The next character we meet is Torvald Noras husband and puppet master. Torvald is a very strong character and believes that Nora should obey his requests. This is because of an old tradition that a woman should honour her husband. Torvald is a very rich, helpful, ignorant, stereotypical kind of character because even though he thinks he loves Nora he knows love isnt what he feels. We can tell that by the way he treats her. I wouldnt have you any different. Dear little bird, little darling. But what is it? Theres something, isnt there? There is. We will write a custom essay on Stereotypical kind specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There is alot of Irony between the couple due to the nature that Henrik Ibsen makes Torvald use throughout the play. For instance Henrik has Torvald compare Nora to squirrels, Skylarks, Singing birds all of which are flight mammals. They are free unlike Nora who is trapped in her own home. Torvalds rhythm of speech is very formal and business like because he sees himself as the leader of his family. He is the type of man that believes his family should be seen not heard but even though he is stern and strict he is also caring and hardworking. His rhythm remains constant throughout the play until the very end where his sentence lengths shorten and he becomes less dominant then Nora. I found this through the practical assessment I did in class I played the part of Helmer and I seen him as a broken man by the end of the play. I and my partner represented the less dominant Torvald by having Nora standing and Torvald sitting so he had to look up at Nora. For the first time at the very end of the play we see Torvald for what he really is, a caring man who was blinded by control. Tell me the miracle. I believe. Tell me. If we changed. If we-All of a sudden Torvald begins to treat Nora as an equal but she feels it is too late to amends. The third character we meet is Mrs Linde a friend of Nora. Mrs Linde is the exact opposite of Nora because Nora has been spoon fed everything her whole entire life whereas Mrs Linde has had to fight and work hard for everything she has achieved. Mrs Lindes language is very formal and mature throughout the play. The audience realises the reason Mrs Linde is played like this is because of what she has been through like losing her husband and being left nothing to live on. Mrs Linde then went into business for herself and has worked hard for everything she achieved. Mrs Linde like Torvald treats Nora as a child because of the way Nora acts but when she finds out about the loan Mrs Linde begins to realise how grown-up Nora is and starts to treat her equally. When Mrs Linde is talking to Krogstad she suddenly becomes all kind hearted and begins to see her life with him. I need someone to mother; your children need a mother; you and I need each other. I trust you, Nils, the man you really are. At first Krogstad thinks that Mrs Lindes kindness is an attempt of saving Noras relationship with Torvald but Mrs Linde genuinely still likes Krogstad and wants to rekindle what they had many years ago. Mrs Linde believes that Torvald must see the letter Krogstad wrote so that Nora and Torvald can understand each other. When Mrs Linde is talking to Krogstad her vocabulary is quite sophisticated but her sentence lengths are small. This is probably because she is trying to get straight to the point quickly but at the same time she doesnt want to say what she means to say all in one breathe. .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38 , .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38 .postImageUrl , .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38 , .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38:hover , .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38:visited , .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38:active { border:0!important; } .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38:active , .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38 .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u200a960051db8fb317d321f1782bbc38:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 1984 Analytical Journal EssayMrs Linde is quite a clever character as she knows what people want her to do like, Nora asking her to persuade Krogstad to take the letter back but, her intentions are exactly the opposite. This is because Mrs Linde is a caring character and sees things for what they really are, she feels not saying anything is a bad thing because then Nora gets to carry on living a lie and she will never see her true relationship with Torvald. Whereas if Torvald knew he would show his true colours towards Nora and she would figure out if her miracle could come true. The fourth character introduced is Dr. Rank; he is a very good friend of the Helmers who visits them daily. Dr. Rank is the opposite of Torvald as he treats Nora as an intelligent human being and she in return speaks more openly to him than she does to her husband. Dr Rank is dying. He refrains from telling Torvald of his death because it is too ugly an idea for Torvald to tolerate, but he does tell Nora, this shows a strong bond between them. He talks with her about his coming death in a code that excludes Torvald and protects him from harsh reality. However, Dr Rank is not entirely the straightforward truth-teller of dramatic tradition. His real motive for visiting the Helmers is that he is in love with Nora. However Nora isnt aware of this until Dr. Rank confesses to her. As Rank is a dr. His use of language is formal and direct when talking to anybody. He tries to keep his personal side professional especially when it comes to his friendship with Nora. However when he learns that he is going to die, he feels that he cant leave without admitting his true feelings. I swore Id tell you before I..went. Now. Nora, now you know. And you know that you can rely on me, as on no-one else. The only time we see Dr. Rank come out of his professional character and into a regular average everyday person is the scene in which he acts as a smitten teenager with Nora. This is a very flirtatious scene between them and it holds great lust between the pair. In this scene the audience begin to realise that Dr. Ranks feelings for Nora are more than just friendship by the way he speaks and behaves. Ive no possible way of telling! Tut tut you bad boy! The pair both act immaturely but at the same time they are both thinking different things will come of their carrying on with each other. The fifth character is Nils Krogstad. Krogstad is an employee at the bank which Torvald is made manager. Krogstad is a mean clever character who leant Nora the money to take Torvald to Italy to recover. He has committed an offence in the past involving a crime similar to Noras forging a signature on a document. Since then, he has struggled to regain and maintain his respectability in the eyes of society. His job at the bank is a major part of this respectability. So when Torvald, who sees Krogstad as an irresponsible repulsive man, decides to give his job to Mrs Linde, Krogstad then resorts to blackmailing Nora about the loan. Unless Nora persuades Torvald to keep Krogstad in his job and give him a promotion, he will tell Torvald about her loan and her forgery of her fathers signature. At first, Krogstad appears to be a grasping and vindictive villain. But as soon as Mrs Linde tells him that she has always loved him and asks him to resume their relationship, he reveals himself as a more loving, joyful and merciful character. .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b , .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b .postImageUrl , .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b , .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b:hover , .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b:visited , .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b:active { border:0!important; } .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b:active , .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf1e7a33a2784c016aa822efb5b21aa7b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Confessor as a failure EssayMrs Linde, unlike Torvald, believes that Krogstad can change for the better, and indeed, from this point on, his life appears to be set on a positive course. Krogstads use of questions throughout the play is mainly interrogation and cross examination questions. I left the date blank. Your father was to fill it in: the date he signed the document. You remember that, Mrs Helmer? Lets keep to the point, Mrs Helmer. That must have been a very difficult time for you. Krogstad is a very cunning and clever character he knows how to manipulate his opposition. Nora is the innocent victim which he chooses to blackmail because of her child like factor which is good at persuading Torvald to get Krogstad what he wants. It is all about control and whether or not he chooses to use the power he has over Nora or just give -up and build his respectability in society back-up from square one. Near the end Krogstad chooses to do exactly that with the help of Mrs Linde he realises his mistakes and his tone becomes alot softer and language simpler. The final character is Anne-Marie. Anne-Marie has brought up Nora since she was a young girl herself and is now helping to bring up Noras children. Having a child of her own with no help from her partner meant that she couldnt support her own child so she considers herself lucky to have been offered her job, even though she had to give up her own child in order to take up her position. Anne-Marie exemplifies the self-sacrificial role of women that Ibsen highlights in this play. Nora finally leaves her children in Anne-Maries care, believing that they will be better off with Anne-Marie than they would be with her. Anne-Marie is a very strong respectable woman who knows her place within the Helmers household. However Nora is the only one who sees her as more than a nanny she sees Anne-Marie as her motherly figure. Anne-Marie isnt a very main character in the play and only has one major scene which is between herself and Nora where there is alot of subtext present. Anne-Marie speaks to Nora quite casually whereas to every-one else she is formal and acts like a worker of the household where she is seen but not heard. Nora feels quite strongly for Anne-Marie and is entirely grateful for all she did for her when Nora was younger. Dear old Anne-Marie. You were such a good mother to me when I was little. The overall use of language within the play is quite formal the only child within the play is Nora who learns to grow up to a respectable woman. The sentence lengths are short and sweet at the beginning but by the end are long and explanative. This is to show the progression in complexity within the play. Nora, Torvald, Mrs Linde and Krogstad all grow as characters throughout the play and by the end come out being better and stronger people. Nora and Torvald mainly because of all the deceit and lies that are told and Mrs Linde and Krogstad through the love they still held for each other. The main Character who grew within this play is Nora as her short sentences became long ones. Her vocabulary went from simple to complex. Her speech pattern changed from unnatural to a constant natural pattern and finally her overall woman broke through her child like self changing her from a doll to a person.

The Green Mile Essay Example

The Green Mile Essay Example The Green Mile Paper The Green Mile Paper Magical realism combines reality and fantasy so the distinction between the two no longer exists. Even though characteristics of fantasy are incorporated in magical realism, the setting takes place in the real world. Because of John Coffee’s ability to heal others, â€Å"The Green Mile† falls into the genre of magical realism. Paul Edgecomb is the first to experience John Coffey’s healing powers. John heals Paul of his urinary infection. When John heals Paul, he brings him back to life. No matter how people treat him, he tries to bring happiness to others. From what the film tells the audience, Paul lives to be one hundred-eight years old due to John’s gift. John’s healing of Paul was as much as a curse as it was a gift. Paul pays the price of outliving everyone he loves, such as his wife Elaine. John took away Paul’s pain and misery, and gave him a new life. The mouse, Mr. Jingles, also experiences John’s healing powers. John brought Mr. Jingles back to life after the sadistic guard, Percy, crushes him. Mr. Jingles highlights the extreme sensitivity and caring personality of John Coffey. John’s care for the small mouse hints his innocence of the horrendous crime he is charged with. Delacroix, Mr. Jingles’ owner, suffers from anxiety about Mr. Jingles’ future as his own death approaches. Delacroix’s love for his pet mouse makes him a sympathetic character even though he committed one of the worst crimes out of all the inmates. It just goes to show that Delacroix is human, and he gets lonely like normal people do. Mr. Jingle’s presence brings healing to the prison, and he ends the loneliness the inmates feel. This movie makes the audience aware of the power of healing. John’s supernatural element of healing carries an undeniable emotional charge. If everyone had John’s gift, the world would be very calm and peaceful.

Management Coaching Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Coaching - Thesis Example However, after realizing the benefits of this concept, more and more companies began incorporating it into their business practices. 2 Business coaching allows executives and regular staff alike to become self aware. They realize what their strengths and weaknesses really are and begin to look at issues from another perspective. On top of that, they begin to understand some of the mistakes that might have sprung from their beliefs and rationales. 3 Business coaching allows individuals to develop time management skills, organizational skills, strategic development skills and leadership skills. All these are vital in ensuring the smooth flow of organizational activities and practices. Business coaching is essential in clarifying one's role as a manager or executive. It transforms individuals from just being producers of goods and services to being in charge of one's business. This is possible by teaching candidates how to communicate to ones' subordinates about a strategic plan, how to focus on long term objectives and the process of delegating authority. 4 Organisations within the Asian context should definitely consider business coaching because it has the propensity to improve results and productivity. This is because it provides a connection between the technical and relational aspects of business. Since production is carried out by people, then one should look for ways of enhancing people relationships. Business coaching is the platform for doing that. How business coaching is done Business coaches should use a series of business skills to fit into a client's organization. They should also have experience with running their own businesses so that they can give support to their anecdotes using this hands-on experience. Business coaches do not tell clients what to do; instead, they foster a friendship with the client, support the client and cause the client to stretch their horizons beyond the obvious. 5 Business coaching is done depending on the needs of the clients. If a client needs business coaching skills to start a new company or business, then business coaches give them the tools for planning their businesses. Here, one is taught how to choose an appropriate organizational structure; one is also taught how to look for service providers from various professions. On top of that, one is given insight about choosing to hire external services or to outsource them. On top of that, one is also given training on sales and marketing strategies. When a business is growing and developing, business coaching involves helping the client redesign their business plan. It is also teaches clients how to improve their operation systems. Also, they are taught how to evaluate their competitors and gauge the most threatening ones. The delegation process is also paramount in growing businesses and this is a key subject in business coaching. 6 When a client owns an already established business, then business coaching is tailored towards this need. Managers are taught how to change their management structures. They are also taught how to encourage their employees to be more innovative. Besides that, business coaching here involves teaching managers how to encourage their employees to be more innovative. Employers are also taught how to evaluate opportunities and methods of entering into new markets. 7 The last category of clients in business coach

Discuss the effects of Internet Radio on the radio landscape Essay

Discuss the effects of Internet Radio on the radio landscape - Essay Example roles that technology has played is in influencing the conventional radio system, which is now with advancements and progression in Information Technology, is encompassing into the form of internet radio. Living in the world of blooming science and technology, our lives are gradually changing along with its research and innovations (Lee, pp. 20-23, 2005). It revolves around us in every activity, whereby we have been left dependent upon its functioning as mere parts of a machine, unified under a mechanical function. Not only has it revolutionized our personal lives, but also the way in which a society communicates with each other has changed. Our present way of life would have been a dreamland for man just a century ago, and what we possess today is still not at its climax, what follows ahead is a mystery under guidance of technological advancement (Lee, pp. 20-23, 2005). The conventional system of broadcasting information, news, and entertainment is under massive change by the gauntlet of technology, whereby the entire network today stands at perils because of the rapidly growing fantasy of internet radio (Zittrain, pp. 56-58, 2008). The dissemination information by its means has developed a new system, which allows the network’s programs to be broadcasted everywhere to common people. The new internet radio is seen wearing the new trend to fit easily to the tastes of the modern generation, massively loaded with new news and information to cater all age groups and its ease in accessibility and profound efficiency all have added great value to popularity. From all forms of electronic media, radio is a common person’s device, which provides apt news and information and a negligible cost, is mobile and can be accessed from almost anywhere around the country. It is easy to travel with, acting as a live companion at all times, and can even be connected with other electric devices as an â€Å"add on† keeping one updated with national and international happenings

Chinese literature Unit 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chinese literature Unit 3 - Essay Example u’s â€Å"Praying For Rain,†1 from the Chou period, and the poem â€Å"Sitting and Forgetting,†2 from the Nine Songs, from the latter Chu period, and examine how each portray and think about ritual. The first shows a more straightforward approach to ritual—as in a kind of rain dance which is a means to an end. The second show ritual and its relation to nature as being potentially personally transformative. In â€Å"Praying for Rain† the poet describes the rituals or etiquette that surrounds rainfall, the harvest, and agriculture. Back then there was no agricultural science. Most farmers believed that a good harvest came because the gods were happy. The harvest was hugely important for everyone because the population relied on it for nourishments. It therefore made sense that rituals and prayers that poets and priests believed would help the harvest would be of huge importance and would frequently be refined and added to in order to ensure the best possible harvest. Poetry and ritual at the time were in some sense a matter of life and death. Ku Liang Shu describes the correct time to pray for rain to improve the crops.3 He says that petitioners must wait until the last minute, until it becomes clear that the rain is absolutely necessary, before engaging in the ritual prayer. By praying, man is â€Å"asking for a favour† the poet rights. These things must not be taken ligh tly. The power the gods have over people is one of life and death. There is an additional social aspect to this view of rituals: favours are important things and should be frivolously asked for. Ask only for what you need. We see in this work that rituals are taken very seriously and are mostly a way of communing with the gods, rather than with people (although there can be social implications to these rituals). The â€Å"Sitting and Forgetting,† one of the Nine Song, focuses much more on an abstraction of the ritual and its power to transform the world or the poet’s perspective of the world.

Nokia competencies

Nokia competencies Every firm comprises of competencies, not all possess core competencies, these are crucial for a competitiveness. This report examines the core competencies that contribute most significantly to Nokias competitive advantage. These consist of organisational culture and research and development. Nokias competitive advantage will be analysed based on corporate brand and products and services base, then personal analysis reported. 2.0 Theoretical idea of core competencies Firms possess competencies through efficient use of resources and are required for firms to compete. Core competencies are attributes that an organisation possesses which in turn allows it to achieve competitive advantage (Prahalad Hamel, 1990 cited Henry. A, 2008). There is differential performance between companies in the same industry, due to individual core competencies since the environment is constant. In 2008, Dell had the largest market share in UK PC market (Datamonitor, 2009), with core competencies in its value chain giving competitive advantage (Henry. A, 2008). Core competencies should be appropriable so those who provide the attributes for the competitive advantage should reap benefits (Kay. J, 1993 cited Open University, 2009). The key is not to focus on all competencies just ones that add most value and competitive advantage. Collis and Montgomery (1997) identified some attributes within the organisation are more useful for gaining sustainable competitive advantage (Henry, 2008). The features of useful attributes are that they help provide value to customers, are unique and difficult to imitate (Collis Montgomery, 1997, cited Hooley. G et al, 2008) as seen in figure 1. Other theorists support this identification, Prahalad and Hamel (1990) identified three tests for core competencies: 1. A core competence should provide access to a wide variety of markets. 2. A core competence should make a significant contribution to perceived customer benefits of end products. 3. A core competence should be difficult for competitors to imitate. (Prahalad cited The Free Library, 2002). Hamel and Prahalad (The Free Library, 2002) identified core competencies should not remain static whilst the environment changes. Core competencies enable production of new products and services and increase customer relationship management, they should be envied by competitors but difficult to replicate (Hooley. G et al, 2008). Shangri La Hotels have a stronger customer relationship than their competitors (Datamonitor, 2009) their mission Delighting customers each and every time (Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts, 2009). 2.1 Nokias core competencies Nokia has many competencies but due to recent success appears to focus on the right core competencies to gain competitive advantage. The two significant ones are organisational culture (Blau. J, 2003) and investment in research and development (Nokia, 2009). Organisational culture is a core competence and source of sustainable competitive advantage (Barney, 1986b, cited Hamel. G Heene. A,1994). 2.1.1 Nokias organisational culture Nokia, unlike competitors, is innovative and entrepreneurial by adopting the correct culture (Blau. J, 2003). Within the organisation entrepreneurship is encouraged by managers open to employee suggestions for new products and services, this allows continuous learning, there is also a feedback process for employees engaging in new ideas (Blau. J, 2003). VP Niitamo, Chair of European Living Labs Portfolio, Some of Nokias success, is from continuously bringing in young, talented people, without pushing them down one particular career path (Blau. J, 2003). For this to take place they must have shared vision to ensure full commitment from employees (Kanter, 1983 cited Henry. A, 2008). 2.1.2 Nokias research and development Another core competency is Nokias research and development. Nokia employs 51,750 people, over one third is made up of people in research and development. The company employs approximately 1,000 new people in research and development each year, aiming for those who have new skills (Blau. J, 2003). Nokias extensive research and development enables it to create trusted consumer relationships, the best mobile devices everywhere and context enriched services (Nokia, 2009). 3.0 Theoretical idea of competitive advantage Competitive advantage results from matching core competencies to opportunities (Business Dictionary, 2009). Many 2000 dot.com failures were companies identifying the opportunity but not having competencies to achieve competitive advantage (Hooley. G et al, 2008). Companies can achieve competitive advantage by charging higher prices for increased value products and services or offering the same products and services as competitors at lower prices (Porter. M. E, 1985). Differences between rival products and services have become narrow, so companies need to find new ways of distinguishing themselves in customers minds. Companies can use brands to be distinctive compared with competitors, and create a relationship with customers for competitive advantage (Chailan. C, 2008). In 2008, the airline industry saw JetBlues new experience based differentiation after they created T5 terminal at JFK. T5 added brand value by augmenting the service with additional and complementary features (DDB, 2009). Companies should look for sustainability; competitive advantage that competitors are unable to imitate (Barney, 1991 cited Henry. A, 2008). Tesco uses vendor managed inventory and builds relationships with suppliers such as Nestle and Coca Cola to improve availability, providing competitive advantage for those involved, however unsustainable (William Reed Business Media Ltd, 2009). Figure 2 identifies the relationship between core competencies and competitive advantage. Although core competencies lead to competitive advantages this may be indirect by developing core products or services. 3.1 Nokias competitive advantage Nokia is currently worldwide largest mobile phone maker, therefore they must have significant core competencies to gain competitive advantage (Yahoo Finance, 2009). Nokias competitive advantage is based on scale, brand and services (Nokia, 2008). 3.1.1 Nokias brand value After wavering in 2004, Nokia came back to build an outstanding reputation through a 12% increase in brand value and became fifth top brand (Kiley. D, 2007). Nokia currently has number one brand in many markets worldwide (Temporal. P Davies. R, 2009). Nokias organisational culture contributed to its corporate brand since employees and processes are reflected in the brand (Temporal. P, 2009). Nokias research and development assisted in creating brand value by keeping up to date with evolving consumer demands and is recognised as a company that provides consumers with the desired products and services. NRC, Nokias innovations hub invests at least 5% of the annual research and development budget. Innovations are created for commercial purposes after three to five years development (Samuels. M, 2006). 3.1.2 Nokias products and services Ideas need to align with organisational culture, therefore this must be correct to generate desired products and services (Henry. A, 2008). Organisational culture is reflected in products and services through processes and procedures, this led to sustainable competitive advantage. The knowledge possessed by employees cannot be easily transferred, groups of employees would be required for a fraction of the knowledge (Argote. L Ingram. P, 2000). Nokias research and development continuously improves and generates new products, this is essential as Nokias markets became highly competitive over the last decade with entrants such as Apple iPhone (Ward. A, 2009). In 2002 Nokia received the Frost and Sullivan market engineering award for its secure access system innovation which was an exceptionally evolved product (BNET,2003 Calif. S. J, 2002). 4.0 Critical analysis I conclude that Nokia has effectively developed competencies into core competencies to develop sustainable competitive advantage. I consider Nokia to have core competencies in particular organisational culture and research and development, contributing most to Nokias competitive advantage. The organisational culture is quite unique among competitors, yet as industry leader so they must be doing the right things internally in relation to the external industry. Other companies should steer away from the negative image that innovative organisations are only effective in small organisations and implement some of Nokias techniques to reduce differential performance between them. However, I realise this will only be effective if there are shared values and commitment from the entire organisation as with Nokia. Organisational culture cannot be easily learned so this must create sustainable competitive advantage until competitors have developed their culture more effectively. Nokia invests heavily in research and development which is reflected in its product and service offering which is outstanding, therefore I see it as a worthwhile investment. I have identified that Nokia doesnt just employ people for research and development, it supports them and develops their knowledge base to benefit the company. I identified Nokias main competitive advantage being brand value and product and service offering. I recognise that Nokia successfully achieved competitive advantage of its brand organisational culture and the beliefs and practices adopted by the company. Nokia must continue to do the right things such as ethical behaviour in the work place or the brand will be tarnished and will be difficult to rebuild unless its loyal customer base sticks by regardless which I find doubtful. Nokias other competitive advantage consists developing latest product designs and outperforming rivals through services. I do not consider this sustainable, despite Nokias investments in research and development. Product innovation in the mobile phone industry is the main contributor to growth, through replacement sales (Cassell. J, 2004). This is likely to remain the case as the market is already saturated, therefore I feel Nokia wont maintain this level of competition as rival companies would invest more into research and development to compete. Overall, I find Nokia making best use of its core competencies to gain competitive advantage but dont believe it will continue to be industry leader without enhancing its core competencies to meet evolving demands. 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion it has been analysed that Nokia has several core competencies, the most significant being organisational culture and investment in research and development. These core competencies led to competitive advantage in the form of strong brand image and exceptional product and service offerings. Although this is currently the case for Nokia within the mobile phone industry, they may not be sustainable as will be identified over time.

The Automatic Paige Typesetter :: essays research papers

The Automatic Paige Typesetter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people believed that the Paige typesetter was printing of the nineteenth century. One person who literally put everything he had into it was Samuel Taylor Clemens better known as Mark Twain. Mark Twain was the principle money investor of the automatic Paige typesetter. Twain thought that his investments in the machine would make him richer, but it turned out that the typesetter did the exact opposite.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  James Paige invented the automatic Paige typesetter around 1877. The typesetter was said to have the power of four men’s jobs. It was not only going to be the greatest invention of the nineteenth century, it was going to make publishing companies a fortune by cutting down on time and initial printing costs. In 1877, Dr. George F. Hawley signed a contract with Paige to use his typesetter and the Thompson distributor, another machine that sorted printed papers, to combine them into one machine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The â€Å"Chicago Herald† tested the combined machine, or Paige compositor. The machine was roughly eleven feet long, three and one half feet wide, and six feet high. It weighted nearly 5000 pounds, and the power it needed was transmitted through a round belt to a grooved pulley 14 inches in diameter. The machined used about 1/4 to 1/3 horse-power and it could be started and turned up to speed with one finger at a 7-inch leverage. The compositor was particularly made for newspaper printing work. It did all the work of distributing, setting, justifying, and had mechanisms that were adjustable to any width of column desired for newspaper or bookwork.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the compositor seemed like a good idea it had many defects and over 18,000 mechanical parts that were not always in working order. James Paige put a great deal of time, effort, and money into his great invention. Mark Twain himself invested and lost 50,000 dollars in the machine. Despite the efforts of everybody involved with the compositor, the Linotype machine hit the market earlier and was more cost effective.

Best source of funding for research organization Essay

There are a number of ways of funding research programs to help medical clinics; we may have an aspect where the government lends a hand or seeking the indulgence of the pharmaceutical companies. (NCSL, 2014) The above stated are two of those ways. Acceptance of offers to carry out research depends on the wishes of beneficiaries; they get to choose whom they perceive to be their best options. (U.S. Congress, 2006) Grants by the federal government may be defined as the assistance in monetary terms offered by the American government. (NIST, 2014)The government assistance has to conform to the laws and regulations set about by the federal agencies. (USA Government, n.d.)Grants offered by the pharmaceutical companies; to conduct clinical research is one of the common ways of sourcing for money to carry out research activities for clinics. (Canadian Business Network, n.d) Pharmaceutical companies are private entities which may not be put under tight regulations as compared to public insti tutions. (Federal Grants, n.d)The financing pharmaceutical company may fund a research project they deem to be in line with what they find necessary for them. (D.o.J., 1998) Advantages of using government grants to fund research projects Government or federal grants are a good way of sourcing for funds; even though the central government may impose very strict measures to go about using the cash. (Cornell University, n.d.) Once a government agency has given the nod for one to conduct the research alongside the funds allocation; a research organization is left to conduct its affairs in the required time they find ample. (UCONN, n.d.) Pharmaceutical companies may impose timelines so that they launch their products for commercial gains. (The Arc, n.d.)Pharmaceutical companies may continue funding a project based on interests to be fulfilled; some may be under pressure to churn out products that cause a buzz within markets. (Grant Space, n.d.)Another risk involved with pharmaceuticals funding projects would be purely to spite their competitors and caress enormous egos of company executives and owners. (TGCI, n.d.) Government does not engage in competition; but their mandate is to look out for the welfare of their citizen s. (The White House, n.d.)It’s with the above stated reasons that governmental funding looks more appealing as compared to funding from private entities. (Homeland Security, n.d.)There would not be conflicts or interests as well as undue pressure. (FELDESMAN+TUCKER+LEIFER+FIDELL, n.d.) References NCSL. (2014). NCSL. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/american-health-benefit-exchanges.aspxU.S. Congress. (2006, October). Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Retrieved from https://cbo.gov/sites/†¦/10-02-drugr-d.pdfCanadian Business Network. (n.d.). Canadian Business Network. Retrieved from http://www.canadabusiness.ca/eng/page/2740/National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), United States Department of Commerce (DoC). (2014, February 25). ANNOUNCEMENT OF FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITY (FFO) Measurement Science and Engineering (MSE) Research Grant Programs. Retrieved from www.nist.gov/†¦/grants/USA Government. (n.d.). Benefits, Grants, and Loans. Retrieved from http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Benefits.shtmlFederal Grants. (n.d.). Federal Grants. Retrieved from http://www.federalgrants.com/D.o.J. (1998, September). The United States Department of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/crt/grants_statutes/legalman.phpC ornell University. (n.d.). Cornell University. Retrieved from http://www.irb.cornell.edu/faq/UCONN. (n.d.). University of Connecticut. Retrieved from http://research.uconn.edu/The Arc. (n.d.). Public Policy. Retrieved from http://www.thearc.org/what-we-do/public-policy/know-your-rights/federal-lawsGrant Space. (n.d.). Knowledge Base. Retrieved from http://grantspace.org/tools/knowledge-base/Funding-Resources/Government-Funders/government-grantsTGCI. (n.d.). Thw Grantsmanship Center. Retrieved from http://www.tgci.com/training/competing-federal-grants-5-dayThe White House. (n.d.). Office of Mnagement and Budget. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/grants_defaultHomeland Security. (n.d.). Title VI Overview for Recipients of DHS Financial Assistance. Retrieved from http://www.dhs.gov/title-vi-overview-recipients-dhs-financial-assistanceFELDESMAN+TUCKER+LEIFER+FIDELL. (n.d.). Federal Grants. Retrieved from http://www.feldesmantucker.com/federal-grants/ Source document

Free Essays on DC Metrorail

Introduction The Washington Metrorail system is one of the finest in the nation, if not the world. After spending a fair portion of my life and an honest portion of my money on the Blue Line to and from Franconia-Springfield and Alexandria, I am interesting in delving into where Metrorail funds come from and how these funds are allocated in this portion of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority’s budget. The Washington Metrorail system is managed by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, which simultaneously operates a fleet of buses catering to the needs of area citizens. The Metrorail is comprised on five lines: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, and Blue. These five lines branch off and into the adjacent areas Maryland and Virginia. The Metrorail system covers an expansive area and is over 100 miles in length generating nearly $437 million dollars in revenue. The first section of the Metrorail system was opened in 1976. The system as originally planned has since been completed. Extensions to the original construction of Metrorail include the following: 1) The extension of the Green Line from Anacostia to Branch Ave 2) Eastward extension of the Blue Line to Largo Town Center 3) Future extension will include a new branch of the Orange Line to Tyson’s Corner and to Dulles National Airport WMATA Budget Breakdown Before we can examine the break down of the Metrorail budget itself, we must first look at the budget of the WMATA as a whole. The budget of the WMATA is $1.56 billion dollars. As mention in my introduction, I am interested in where the money comes from as well as where it goes. $379.2 million dollars of the WMATA budget comes from Federal subsidies and government funding, $610.3 million dollars is received from regional funding subsidies, and $570.7 million dollars of revue is generated by the WMATA to round out the entire budget. The WMATA is ranks among the best in the country with a fift... Free Essays on DC Metrorail Free Essays on DC Metrorail Introduction The Washington Metrorail system is one of the finest in the nation, if not the world. After spending a fair portion of my life and an honest portion of my money on the Blue Line to and from Franconia-Springfield and Alexandria, I am interesting in delving into where Metrorail funds come from and how these funds are allocated in this portion of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority’s budget. The Washington Metrorail system is managed by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, which simultaneously operates a fleet of buses catering to the needs of area citizens. The Metrorail is comprised on five lines: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, and Blue. These five lines branch off and into the adjacent areas Maryland and Virginia. The Metrorail system covers an expansive area and is over 100 miles in length generating nearly $437 million dollars in revenue. The first section of the Metrorail system was opened in 1976. The system as originally planned has since been completed. Extensions to the original construction of Metrorail include the following: 1) The extension of the Green Line from Anacostia to Branch Ave 2) Eastward extension of the Blue Line to Largo Town Center 3) Future extension will include a new branch of the Orange Line to Tyson’s Corner and to Dulles National Airport WMATA Budget Breakdown Before we can examine the break down of the Metrorail budget itself, we must first look at the budget of the WMATA as a whole. The budget of the WMATA is $1.56 billion dollars. As mention in my introduction, I am interested in where the money comes from as well as where it goes. $379.2 million dollars of the WMATA budget comes from Federal subsidies and government funding, $610.3 million dollars is received from regional funding subsidies, and $570.7 million dollars of revue is generated by the WMATA to round out the entire budget. The WMATA is ranks among the best in the country with a fift...

Reserved Words in Java

Reserved Words in Java Reserved words are words that cannot be used as object or variable names in a Java program because theyre already used by the syntax of the Java programming language. If you ttempt to  use any of the words below as identifiers in your Java programs, youll get an error like the one below. List of Reserved Java Keywords abstract assert boolean break byte case catch char class const continue default double do else enum extends false final finally float for goto if implements import instanceof int interface long native new null package private protected public return short static strictfp super switch synchronized this throw throws transient true try void volatile while *The  strictfp  keyword was added to this list in Java Standard Edition version 1.2,  assert  in version 1.4, and  enum  in version 5.0. Even though goto and const are no longer used in the Java programming language, they still cannot be used as keywords. What Happens If You Use a Reserved Word? Lets say you try to create a new class and name it using a reserved word, like this: // you cant use finally as its a reserved word! class finally {   Ã‚  Ã‚  public static void main(String[] args) {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  //class code..   Ã‚  Ã‚  } } Instead of compiling, the Java program will instead give the following error: expected

Analysis of Health Club Market in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analysis of Health Club Market in UK - Essay Example In the first part of the project, an industry analysis of the health club market in the United Kingdom will be done. In the next part, an opportunity and a threat analysis will be performed for the major players in the health club market of the United Kingdom. Finally, in the third part, the business strategies of these competitors will be described. There are a large number of health clubs operating in the United Kingdom. An industry analysis of the health club market will be done to understand the threat that these companies possess from one another. The industry analysis will be done using Porter’s Five Forces Model: Rivalry from Existing Firms - In an industry, there are a large number of competitors competing in order to achieve competitive advantage. The intensity of this competition is one of the major determinants of the industry analysis. The business strategies of a firm help it to distinguish from the competitors. The merger activities of the health clubs have increased the competition in the market. Whitbread Plc has acquired David Lloyd Leisure in the year 1995. Canon and First leisure have also merged their fitness and health clubs. The merger or acquisition of the companies helps in the market extension as well. Thus the threat from the competitors in the health and fitness industry is very high. A threat of New Entrants- If the existing market yields high return to the companies operating in the market, it attracts new entries. But the entry of the new firms results in the decrease in the profitability of all the firms operating there. If barriers are not provided to these new entrants, the profitability of the firms will show an abnormal decrease.  

English as Only US Official Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English as Only US Official Language - Essay Example Other like-minded movements followed but none has so far prospered because of the chief argument that an attitude of intolerance towards languages other than English is undemocratic and impinges on individual liberties. The policy has nonetheless gained headway in at least 27 states, where pro-English laws or resolutions have already been enacted. On the federal level, two opposing lobbies have been organized represented by the English Plus movement that pushes for bilingualism, and the English Only group that clamors for monolingualism and for English to be declared as the only official national language. This paper dissects the pros and cons of the issue and evaluates which side makes more sense and a stronger case. Topic Sentence 2 - Spanish is perceived to be the biggest threat to English since Hispanics comprise the largest number of immigrants in the US, such that more and more public utilities and documents are inscribed in Spanish especially in areas where there are large immigrant communities. There are over 300 languages spoken in the US by people whose primary language is not English, but Hispanic immigrants easily qualify as the largest group of non-English speakers because of the proximity of the US to Latin America. According to the US Bureau of Census, in a tone that suggests warning, 100 million people of Hispanic origins will be all over the 50 states of the Union by 2050 (Lynch 11). Because of this large-scale immigration of Hispanics, Spanish has become the unofficial second language of the US (Rodriguez 3). This bothers Americans with native roots that perceive the growth of Spanish-speaking communities as a threat to English. Why is this predominantly used immigrant language in America considered a threat to English Rep. Tom Tancredo (R-Colorado) explains that Spanish is making inroads into the predominant position that should be occupied by English among Americans. This is duality that must be avoided at all costs because "it would weaken American identity an d sow the seeds of disunity and conflict." The possible weakening of the American identity and the potential of bilingualism to breed disunity is the battle slogan of such organizations as the English Only movement, Official English and the US English Inc., the latter a political lobby group founded by the late Senator from Alaska Samuel Hayakawa and Dr. John Tanton in 1983. These groups feel that English is losing out to Spanish and call for federal legislation to declare English as the official language, specifying that no other state law or policy shall be enforced that requires the use of any language other than English. English Only advocates point to Hartford in Connecticut to show that English is retreating in favor of Spanish and that the threat is real (Mujica 5). Hispanics comprise 40 percent of the population of this typical American city, where half of its Spanish-speaking people do not speak English at all so Spanish is the

Enron Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Enron Corporation - Case Study Example Executive Summary Some stories are so unbelievable that they become Hollywood movies. One of those stories is the Enron scandal. The movie called Enron the Smartest Guys in the Room was created based on the Enron story. Enron was once the biggest company in the energy industry, but a complex fraudulent scheme that began many years prior to the revelation of the fraud led to its demise. The corporate executives of the company were the primary agents that designed one the biggest accounting scandals in United States history. Two of the accounting tools that were used by Enron to cook up the numbers were market to market accounting and off balance sheet liabilities. The company would own only 49% of a subsidiary in order not to have to report liabilities of the entity. Debt from Enron was hidden in thousands of hedge funds or subsidiaries. It was all a huge scam. The organization violated or used to its advantage a variety of organizational theories. Five of the theories that influenced the behavior of Enron management and its employees were agency problem, corporate culture, teamwork, perception, and leadership. Agency problems exist at Enron in terms of the yearly bonuses, inside trading activity, and in the partnership scheme particularly the LJM partnership. The executive management team colluded with each other in a team effort. The leadership abilities of the top executive managers were outstanding. The corporate culture of the company was based on greed, disloyalty, and unethical behavior. The managers of the company were able to create a perception of a superb company that had tremendous financial performance. This was not true since the company was a fraudulent firm. Statement of the Problem Enron Corporation cooked up the numbers by violating the conservatism principle in market to market transactions and used deceptive accounting practices to hide liabilities by creating a complex network of partnerships. The mastermind of the network hedge funds was An dy Fastow. All the top corporate executives were crooked. The traders were unethical and money hungry. In a partnership called LJM Fastow stole $45 million. The company had a rotten corporate culture where the employees had tough pressures to perform or they would be fired. The company got corrupted and collusion occurred which led to the biggest corporate crime of the 21 century. Analysis of the Problem The Enron accounting scandal was a well orchestrated machine. Prior to the whistleblower revealing the truth nobody knew that the accounting of the company was not truthful. The Securities and Exchange Commission approved the use of market to market accounting for Enron. They could have never imagined that it was going to be used as a tool for deception and financial fraud. When the company got a new energy contract they would recognized the profits immediately without any cash coming in. The executives exaggerated the benefits of the energy contracts in order to boost profits and r eceive bonuses and rewards for fake money. The company was creating monopoly money that did not really exist. In the year 2000 the company reported $1 billion in profits. The truth was that they did not make any money whatsoever. The company for years was overstating the value of the energy contracts. As time passed most of the earnings did not manifest themselves. The company in reality was

Criminal Sentencing Essay Example for Free

Criminal Sentencing Essay A basic question in criminal sentencing is â€Å"What are the purposes of criminal sentencing?†Ã‚   Scholars, too, reflect on the purposes of punishment. There are commonly four identified purposes: Retribution. The oldest but considered the most important purpose for sentencing is retribution, that is, inflicting on an offender suffering comparable to that caused by the offense. An act of social vengeance, retribution is grounded in a view of society as a system of moral balance.   When criminality upsets this balance, punishment exacted in comparable measure restores the moral order, as suggested in the biblical dictum â€Å"An eye for an eye. † While contemporary critics of retribution sometimes charge that this policy lacks the force to reform the offender, it still remains a strong justification for punishment. A second purpose for sentencing, deterrence amounts to the attempt to discourage criminality through punishment.   Initially, deterrence arose as the banner of reformers seeking to end what they saw as excessive punishments based on retribution.   Critics asked, â€Å"Why put someone to death for stealing if that crime could be discouraged with a prison sentence?†Ã‚   As the concept of deterrence in sentencing gained widespread acceptance, execution and physical mutilation of criminals were gradually replaced by milder forms of punishment such as imprisonment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are two types of deterrence, specific deterrence demonstrates to the   individual offender that crime does not pay while in general deterrence, the  punishment of one person serves as an example to others. Rehabilitation. The third purpose for sentencing, rehabilitation, involves reforming the offender to preclude subsequent offenses.   It resembles deterrence by motivating the offender to conform.   But rehabilitation emphasizes constructive improvement while deterrence and retribution make the offender suffer.   In addition, while retribution demands that the punishment fit the crime, rehabilitation focuses on the distinctive problems of each offender.   Thus identical offenses would call for similar acts of retribution but different programs of rehabilitation. Social protection. A final purpose for sentencing is social protection, or rendering an offender incapable of further offenses either temporarily through incarceration or permanently by execution. Like deterrence, social protection is a rational approach to punishment and seeks to protect society from crime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The different forms of sentencing used in different jurisdictions include institutional sanctions—time to be served in prison or jail; and noninstitutional sanctions—fines and forfeiture of the proceeds of crime, and service of the sentence in the community in the form of probation or parole. Recently the arsenal of punishments has been considerably enlarged by the creation of mixed sanctions and alternatives to either institutional or noninstitutional sanctions. The following are the variety of options for sentencing: Death penalty. In thirty-six states (as well as the federal courts), courts may impose a sentence of death for any offense designated a capital crime, for example, first-degree murder. Incarceration. The defendant may be sentenced to serve a term in a local jail, state prison, or federal prison. Probation. The defendant may be sentenced to a period of probationary supervision   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   within the community. Split sentence. A judge may split the sentence between a period of incarceration and a period of probation. Restitution. An offender may be required to provide financial reimbursement to cover the cost of a victim’s losses. Community service. An offender may be required to spend a period of time performing public service work. Fine. An offender may be required to pay a certain sum of money as a penalty and/or as an alternative to or in conjunction with incarceration. This leads us to the next question, â€Å"What are some reforms that have been proposed? A recent reform growing out of the victims’ rights movement in the sentencing process is the consideration of statements by the victim, known as â€Å"victim impact statements† (VIS). Twenty-six states have mandated the use of VIS in criminal cases, while another twenty-two states have adopted so-called â€Å"victim bills of rights† that include recognition of the right of a victim to present a VIS. In the VIS, the victim provides a statement about the extent of economic, physical, or psychological harm suffered as a result of the victimization. The victim also can make a recommendation about the type of sentence an offender should receive. Usually the VIS is incorporated into the pre-sentence investigation report written by the probation officer. Research has revealed that a judge’s choice of a sentence is influenced much more by legal considerations than by victim preferences in cases where VIS has been presented (McGarrell, 1999). The third reform proposal is â€Å"restorative justice.† Restorative justice has been a feature of justice systems for a long time, though it was little used until a group of criminologists in the United States and the Commonwealth countries brought the idea back to life. The term restorative justice was virtually unknown a decade ago, and it is still in search of a commonly accepted meaning. Yet, the literature related to this subject has grown rapidly, so that we venture to define it in terms offered by Howard Zehr, published in a symposium of The Justice Professional, entitled â€Å"Criminology as Peacemaking.† Zehr provides contrasting paradigms between the traditional, retributive sense of justice and the newly emerging (or reemerging) restorative sense of justice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the proposed reform of restorative justice were adopted, where would that leave us with respect to the traditional â€Å"aims† or â€Å"justifications† of criminal justice? As to retribution (or just desserts), we would still be limited to never imposing an obligation (sanction) that outweighs the harm done. As to incapacitation, even the staunchest advocates of restorative justice recognize that some offenders are far too dangerous to be returned to the community and that their separation from the community is necessary. But the prison population could be vastly reduced. As to resocialization or rehabilitation, the very idea is built into restorative justice, which aims at   Ã‚  restoring the community. Some of the current issues in federal sentencing according to the U.S. Sentencing Commission at https://www.ussc.gov. are the following: The issue on the amendment pertaining to offenses involving cocaine base (crack) and the amendment pertaining to certain criminal history rules, see 72 FR 28558 (May   21, 2007); 72 FR 51882 (September 11, 2007), should be applied retroactively to previously sentenced defendants. The issue of the Judicial Conference of the United States, the and the United States Sentencing Commission has decided to establish a standing victim’s advisory group pursuant to   28 U.S.C.  § 995 and Rule 5.4 of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure. It was stated that the purpose of the advisory group is (1) to assist the Commission in carrying out its statutory responsibilities under 28 U.S.C.  § 994(o); (2) to provide the Commission its views on the Commission’s activities as they relate to victims of crime; (3) to   disseminate information regarding sentencing issues to organizations represented by the   Ã‚  advisory group and to other victims of crime and victims advocacy groups, as appropriate; and (4) to perform any other functions related to victims of crime as the Commission requests. The victims’ advisory group will consist of not more than 9 members, each of whom may serve not more than two consecutive 3-year terms. The issue on New Yorks Rockefeller laws to curb the drug trade – which directly contributed to a dramatic increase in the states prison population costing the state millions of dollars, but failing to impact drug trafficking. According to a New York   Times editorial, â€Å"New York has made incremental changes to the Rockefeller laws in recent years, but has stopped short of restoring judicial discretion.† A governor-appointed commission charged with studying state sentencing practices, however, has produced a report calling for the end of â€Å"indeterminate sentencing† – the process by which a judge imposes a minimum and a maximum sentence and the Parole Board decides when to release an offender. It further suggests that nonviolent offenders be considered for community-based treatment instead of prison. Finally, Gov. Elliot Spitzers commission recommends restoring prison-based educational and training programs as a means of helping to lower recidivism rates. The website of the Sentencing Project at http://www.sentencingproject.org. mission is to promote reforms in sentencing law and practice, and alternatives to incarceration through their advocacy and research. Moreover, the Sentencing Project provides defense lawyers with sentencing advocacy training and to reduce the reliance on incarceration. Hence, the Sentencing Project has become the leader in the effort to bring national attention to disturbing trends and inequities in the criminal justice system with a successful formula that includes the publication of groundbreaking research, aggressive media campaigns and strategic advocacy for policy reform. As a result of The Sentencing Projects research, publications and advocacy, many people know that this country is the worlds leader in incarceration, that one in three young black men is under control of the criminal justice system, that five million Americans cant vote because of felony convictions, and that thousands of women and children have lost welfare, education and housing benefits as the result of convictions for minor drug offenses.   Thus, the Sentencing Project is dedicated to changing the way Americans think about crime and punishment which coincide with the interests of the National Association of Sentencing Advocates. References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McGarrell, E.F. Restorative Justice Conferences.   Indianapolis, IN: Hudson Institute, 1999; Edmund F. McGarrell, â€Å"Cutting Crime through Police-Citizen Cooperation,† American Outlook, Spring 1998, pp. 65–67. The Sentencing Project at http://www.sentencingproject.org. U.S. Sentencing Commission Available at https://www.ussc.gov. Zehr, H.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Justice as Restoration, Justice as Respect,†The Justice Professional 11,   Ã‚  Ã‚   nos. 1–2 (1998), pp. 71–87.

Why Do Small Businesses Fail And How To Minimize Risk Finance Essay

Why Do Small Businesses Fail And How To Minimize Risk Finance Essay Abstract It has been suggested that the impact of potential causes of small enterprise failure might be reduced if business owners got appropriate advice. This paper reports the results of a national study of small retail and service firms to determine the failure reasons of starting a business. Much of the literature indicates that success and failure of small businesses has a lot to do with preparation of the business owner. People who establish a plan for success are usually the people that have better chances of success with their small businesses.The primary audience for this paper are people who are considering starting their own business. A review of the literature was conducted to determine reasons for business failure. The paper concludes with suggestions of how might build on these efforts. Table of Contents Introduction P.4 2.0 Hypothesis Development P.5 3.0 What is business failure? P.5 4.0 Literature review 5.0 Method 5.1 Research Design 6.0 Statement of Results 7.0 Analysis and Discussion 8.0 Conclusion 9.0. Recommendations 10.0 References P. Introduction More and more people are considering starting their own business. By opening a business there could be large profit to be made. However, there are losses may occur as well. Some peoples argued that starting a business in a field that they know well would not fail. Knowing if starting a business at all is what most small businesses fails to consider. According to an SBA Study done in 2005, About 1/3 of Small Businesses fail in the first 2 years, and just over half fail within 4 years. (as citied in Shawn, 2009). These statistics are depressing for people looking to start up a new venture. Richard (2000) claimed SMEs in successful business networks can generate up to 50% more in gross revenues than firms that work in solitude. (p.12). However, Richard (2000) concluded that the most significant reason for this high failure rate is the inability of SMEs to make adequate use of essential business and management practices. (p.12). Abdelsamad and Kindling (1978) stated that although failure s cannot be completely avoided in a free enterprise system, the failure rate could be reduced if some of its causes are recognized and preventive action is taken. (p.24). It is important that small business owners evaluate if they are compatible with entrepreneurship in order to prevent from being part of the failure statistics. Most of the studies on business failure have been elaborated into a predictive perspective. Those business failure prediction literatures mainly analyses statistical models that tend to determine. Moreover, the predictive literature has strong limitations and it provides few clues as to why and how business failure takes place. In fact, predictive studies propose a classification of firms in a default and credit risk management perspective without giving any concrete information about the potential causes of their failure. With tough economic conditions, knowing the reasons business fail and how to avoid failure can increase your chances of success. The results of this study will benefit entrepreneurs to understand the factors of failure involved in new venture startup, to help entrepreneurs to balance between expectation and reality in the process of starting the businesses. The aim is to let business owners know more about preventive measures to avoid such failure and improve chances of success with good preparation and planning and insight. A brief literature review is presented in the next section, followed by the description of the sample and methodology, results and implications, and finally the summary and conclusions. Hypothesis Development People keen on starting a small business sometimes forget about the managerial and entrepreneurial skills necessary to run a business. According to Steiner and Solem (1988), key success factors in small manufacturing businesses would include an owner/manager with experience in the business or prior experience; adequate financial resources; a competitive advantage based upon customer and product specialization; and strategic planning.(p.5). (as citied in Linda Shonesy Robert D. Gulbro ,1998).When going to start a successful small business, you are required to have expertise in business planning, financial management, marketing, human resources management etc. Business knowledge should be on the top of any requirements for small business success. If you dont know anything about the products, how can you sell the products to customer? You can acquire this knowledge through trial and error when starting a small business, but you will probably have to declare bankruptcy before you learn them all. My theory is that lack of entrepreneurial skill is the main reasons of small business fail. Many people think the business would not be failed if resources provided, such as capital and manpower. Of course, financial management and business planning are also absolute necessities for being a successful entrepreneur. Certainly, you are unable to satisfy customers without these skills. In brief, the question is, however: is entrepreneurial skill the most important factor to prevent business failure? What do we mean by Small Business? Every country has own definition of small business. Some of them defined for different business sectors or industries, while some determined by number of employees. Typically, definitions are based on the number of people employed. For example the traditional definition in Germany had a limit of 500 employees, while in Belgium for 100. In the United States, small business is defined by the number of people employed and it refers to less than 100 employees. There are lots of different definitions of small and medium sized firms. In the recent literature, there is nevertheless a large tendency to differentiate between micro, small and medium size firms. Medium sized firms have a structure and an organization that tend to be closer to the ones of large firms and as the impact of human and psychological factors is less important in these firms than in smaller one. This research is based on the definition of small businesses adopted by the European Commissions definition (2003). Table 1 summarizes the criteria which delineate small business. Enterprise category Headcount Turnover or Balance sheet total medium-sized à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 50 million à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 43 million small à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 10 million à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 10 million micro à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 million à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 million Table 1: Definition of Small and Medium sized Enterprises (European Commission, 2003) Definition of Business failure We have to consider the meaning of the business failure concept during the research. Some researchers defined their meaning of failure as bankruptcy, while some researchers defined as discontinuance of a business for any reason. The concept of business failure has been differently defined according to the context and the characteristics of the sample of firms. Business entity does not follow the rules and achieves the goals set forth in their business firm, as a result, earning an adequate return and may caused discontinue existence. Business firm stops working due to retirement or businesses are sold for a profit without leaving any liabilities are not classified as a failure. According to Bruno Leidecker (2001), no two experts agree on a definition of business failure. Some conclude that failure only occurs when a firm files for some form of bankruptcy. Others contend that there are numerous forms of organizational death, including bankruptcy, merger, or acquisition. Still others argue that failure occurs if the firm fails to meet its responsibilities to the stakeholders of the organization, including employees, suppliers, the community as a whole, and customers, as well as the owners. (p.51-52).In this paper, business failure is considered as incapability of business firm to maintain due to loss of capital. Literature review There are many studies to better understand business failure. However, according to Gaskill, Van Auken and Manning (1993), there are many questions still to be resolved and warrant additional explorationprevious studies do not provide a comprehensive or unified explanation for small firm failure.(p.10) (as citied in Robert, 1996). Why some businesses fail and why some succeed is a matter of debate, although there are some common mistakes that can sink a business in no time. One key area that small business owners often overlook is the importance of planning. Dennis (2001) found that management skills could ensure that small and medium sized enterprises are better prepared to compete in domestic and international (p.52). It is required to know what kinds of planning you should do before starting the small business. It includes unplanned financial management and unplanned marketing research. The results of failure are many; however, no one is concerned on it. Therefore, the researchs p urpose is to discuss the significant reason of why small business failure. Poor Business Planning Small businesses often face variety of problems according to their size. Research indicates that poor planning is responsible for most business failures. Doug  Ã‚  Derek (2006) found that the single largest barrier to succession can be identified as those who do not have a succession plan.(p.308). People work hard to turn small businesses into successful enterprises. However, they have no plan for what will be happened to their business. Cause of bankruptcy often a result of poor planning rather than economic conditions.Most of the business owners who do not have succession plan indicated that it is too early to plan. However, Doug  Ã‚  Derek  (2006) found that professional advisers indicated it is never too early to start planning. (p.308). In contrast, it is a barrier to overcome if succession occurs over a short period of time. It is inadequate time for the business owner to plan and execute. Another reason why small businesses fail is poor planning of both finances and future growth. According to the Small Business Administration and the US Department of Commerces statistic, businesses that fail because their principals cannot, or do not, use financial information appropriately. (as citied in Brian, 2003).Some business owners often lack of the necessary start up funds and cannot come up with adequate financing. Business owners have to arrange adequate money on hand to cover all your financial needs of the business before starting their small business. Also, it is required to calculate how much money needs to carry out daily living expenses and how much money is required to run your business. Furthermore, some of them have no cash and expect either a bank to provide financing. They wrongly assume the banks will provide them with financing based only on their good ideas. But in most instances, the banks would not take into consideration as it reflects poorly the persons ability to manage finances if has no cash. And also, owners cannot ignore the demands of new ven ture. Many business owners do not know what they need to know and lack of the capital to hire experienced business advisors. Poor Financial Management Small business financial management is a vital aspect of growing a company. According to Mark H. Friedman, founder of Real Time Strategy, Small-business owners live and die for cash flow. (as citied in Nancy , 2006). The most important thing is the monitoring of working capital. This includes accounts receivables, accounts payable and especially cash on hand. Once lack of adequate working capital would affects the particular business. When business is going really well with cash coming in, small business owners tend not to prepare for the next round of business. And cash flow problem occur. Cash flow is a basic measure of a firms ability to maintain sufficient funding to pay off its current liabilities. The owner should know companys bottom line and make good decisions. They should take control of finances by coming up with a budget before purchasing or investing. In order to avoid overspending and hence invest effectively, small business owner should stabilize their cash flow. With this approach can ease a cash crunch, it also can increase the value of the business. Most business owners raise capital from banks. However, Daniel   Richard (2005) found that early stage capital is often the most difficult to raise. (p.64). In fact, it is difficult to raise the capital required in order to properly launch and sustain a business. It will be high cost even if the capital is available. It is crucial for a new business to maintain sufficient resources especially the capital because without proper financing, a new enterprise may find it difficult to compete with competition. The owners have to know how banks approves loan before submitting an application. Financial advisors can help in this situation. gd Lack of Entrepreneurial Skills Most of the peoples think that all it takes to run a business is money. That is not true. You could be an excellent salesperson but lack the skills to handle the seemingly mundane day-to-day skills needed to keep a business running. Entrepreneurs wont make money if cant sell products. Mostly during the startup phase of a new business, lack of entrepreneurial skills in an owner can cause a business to fail. This may not be true during the later growth and maturity periods of business where more administrative and management skills are required. A small firms performance outcome is a function of many variables, including individual owner characteristics, owner behaviors, and environmental influences. Entrepreneurs generally have a high need for achievement and social awareness, and they are high risk takers. Consequently, the personal and personality characteristics of an owner can be a cause of business failure. 5.0 Methodology Subjects 5.1 Research Design Data and Sample Instruments Procedure Data Collection 6.0 Statement of Results 7.0 Analysis and Discussion 8.0 Conclusion 9.0. Recommendations